Apple cider vinegar on a metal spoon above a glass of water
Every year, tens of millions of people globally grapple with depression, seeking relief through various treatments. While prescription drugs provide solace for many, side effects, costs, and inconsistent results often leave patients and clinicians searching for alternative solutions. Recently, a simple home remedy has gained attention: a daily spoonful of vinegar.
The notion that diet could influence mental health is not far-fetched. After all, the body and mind function based on what we consume. Could the same sour splash that enlivens a salad also uplift a weary mind? Two small clinical trials suggest that vinegar might indeed warrant further examination by medical professionals and the public.
Exploring Vinegar’s Impact on Depression
Fermented vinegars have been celebrated in folk medicine for centuries, known for their ability to stabilize blood sugar and enhance flavor without adding salt or fat. While scientific studies have confirmed some metabolic benefits, mental health has largely been absent from this discourse. This gap inspired a team of nutrition researchers to investigate whether regular vinegar consumption could alleviate depression by affecting mood-related chemistry and subjective feelings.
Led by Arizona State University dietitian Haley Barrong, the research team recruited 28 overweight but otherwise healthy adults. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: one consumed two tablespoons of red wine vinegar diluted in water twice daily, while the other ingested a capsule with only trace amounts of vinegar.
Key Findings from the Study
Over a four-week period, participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression questionnaire (CES-D) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). While CES-D scores showed little change, the PHQ-9 revealed a different narrative. In the vinegar group, depressive symptoms decreased by an average of 42 percent, compared to an 18 percent reduction in the pill group.
“This data provides additional support that daily vinegar ingestion over four weeks can improve self-reported depression symptomology in generally healthy adults and that alterations in [vitamin B3] metabolism may factor into this improvement,” the authors noted.
The Biochemical Connection: Vinegar, Depression, and Blood
The researchers also collected blood samples to observe biochemical changes. The most notable finding was an 86 percent increase in nicotinamide, a form of vitamin B3 involved in the NAD⁺ salvage pathway, crucial for cellular energy recycling. Higher nicotinamide levels correlate with reduced inflammation, a link that has piqued psychiatric interest.
Additionally, two metabolites— isoleucine, a branched-chain amino acid, and isobutyric acid—also shifted, suggesting that vinegar influences broader metabolic networks related to mood regulation.
“Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world,” the researchers wrote. “The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed.”
How Vinegar Might Lift Mood
Several mechanisms could explain the modest improvements observed in the study. Acetic acid, the primary component of vinegar, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, an energy sensor linked to NAD⁺ production. Increased NAD⁺ levels enable brain cells to repair DNA damage more effectively and maintain healthy mitochondria.
Another potential pathway involves the gut. Acetic acid can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria that produce neurotransmitter precursors, creating a gut-brain feedback loop that many neuroscientists now consider vital for emotional balance. Laboratory studies in mice have shown that boosting NAD⁺ protects neurons from stress hormones, while human research links higher dietary vitamin B3 with a reduced risk of depression.
The current human trial weaves these ideas together: consuming vinegar raises nicotinamide levels, potentially providing the brain with an energetic boost.
Future Directions: Vinegar and Mental Health
While the findings are promising, they do not transform vinegar into a standalone treatment. The trial was brief, involved individuals with mild symptoms, and lost some statistical significance after adjusting for baseline scores. Nonetheless, consuming a common pantry staple twice daily is inexpensive and poses minimal risk for most adults.
“Future research examining the effects of vinegar administration in clinically depressed or at-risk populations, and those on antidepressant medications, is warranted,” the authors concluded. “A focus on mechanisms and large patient samples will strengthen the science and provide the evidence to more firmly demonstrate vinegar’s role in health promotion.”
Until larger trials are conducted, dietitians may advise clients that incorporating two tablespoons of red wine or apple cider vinegar into meals is generally safe, provided it is diluted and followed by rinsing with water to protect teeth. Individuals interested in trying this approach might start by adding vinegar to dressings or mixing it into water before meals. However, those with acid reflux, kidney issues, or current prescriptions should consult a healthcare provider first.
Mental health professionals could eventually integrate such low-cost dietary adjustments with therapy and medication, tailoring treatment to each individual’s biology and preferences. The idea that mood can shift alongside something as ordinary as a mealtime condiment underscores the intricate connection between body and mind. While vinegar will never replace professional treatment, its potential to uplift spirits—especially for those hesitant to use pharmaceuticals—merits the careful follow-up studies advocated by the research team.
The full study was published in the journal Nutrients.
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