Skin cancer remains the most prevalent form of cancer in the United States, with its incidence rising dramatically over the past five decades. Melanoma, the deadliest type, is projected to increase by 6% by 2025. Alarmingly, melanoma cases in individuals under 30, particularly women, are climbing faster than in any other age group.
Excessive sun exposure is the primary cause of skin cancer, commonly affecting areas such as the face, scalp, ears, neck, upper chest, and hands.
“These are the areas that receive the most cumulative sun exposure over a person’s lifetime,” says Dr. David C. Reid, professor and chair of dermatology at the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago.
However, skin cancer can also develop in less exposed regions, including the palms, soles, genitals, and even inside the mouth or nose.
Beyond the Sun: Other Causes of Skin Cancer
While ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a leading factor, it is not the sole cause of skin cancer. Genetic predispositions, immunosuppression, and chronic inflammation can all elevate risk levels. Skin cancer may also emerge in previously injured areas such as wounds or scars, independent of sun exposure, according to Dr. Reid.
Occupational hazards, particularly exposure to certain chemicals encountered by firefighters and industrial workers, further increase the risk.
Dr. Anthony Rossi, a dermatologist and Mohs surgeon at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, emphasizes, “Viruses such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) are a common cause of genital skin cancers.”
HPV can spread through both sexual and non-sexual contact with infected skin.
Indoor tanning significantly contributes to skin cancer cases. The popularity of tanning beds and artificial sunlamps is a major factor in the rising melanoma rates among young people. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, individuals who have tanned indoors at any point in their lives face a 29% higher risk of developing basal cell carcinoma and an 83% increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma compared to those who have never tanned indoors.
The Three Main Types of Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma, the most common form, is typically linked to chronic sun exposure. It frequently appears on the face, ears, and neck. Dr. Susan Massick from The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center notes,
“While it’s not particularly aggressive, basal cell carcinoma can become more problematic if ignored or untreated.”
Squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common type, is usually found on sun-exposed areas but can also arise in scars or from viruses. It is highly treatable when identified early, yet can spread to surrounding tissues if neglected.
Melanoma, the third most common type, often occurs in sun-exposed areas but can also develop in non-sun-exposed regions like mucous membranes. It is the deadliest form due to its potential to spread if not detected early.
Preventing Skin Cancer: Practical Steps
Preventive measures focus on minimizing sun exposure. Using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher daily is crucial. Dr. Rossi advises reapplying sunscreen every two hours during outdoor activities and using enough to fill a shot glass for the body.
The Skin Cancer Foundation recommends wearing UPF protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses that block at least 99% of UVA and UVB light.
“Check the daily UV Index, which is included in smartphone weather apps,” suggests Dr. Reid. “A score of 3 or higher means it’s time to take precautions.”
Avoiding tanning beds and UV exposure from gel manicures is also advised. Dr. Kathleen Suozzi from Yale School of Medicine warns against these practices, emphasizing their significant risk factors.
Recognizing the Signs: Early Detection of Skin Cancer
Regular self-examinations are key to early detection. Monthly skin checks should cover the entire body, including hard-to-see areas like the scalp and back. Enlisting a partner’s help or using mirrors can be beneficial.
The ABCDEs of melanoma detection—Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, and Evolving—are crucial guidelines. Other forms of skin cancer have different signs. Basal cell carcinoma may appear as a pearly bump or a sore that doesn’t heal, while squamous cell carcinoma might look like a wart-like growth or a rough, thickened area of skin.
If any suspicious skin changes persist for more than a couple of months, consulting a dermatologist is essential. Annual full-body skin checks by a professional can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment, potentially preventing cancer from advancing.
In conclusion, understanding the multifaceted causes of skin cancer and adopting preventive measures can significantly reduce risks. Early detection remains a critical component in managing skin health effectively.
